中印联合声明的几个热点

LAMPOON

新华社于4月12日全文公布了温家宝与印度总理辛格签订的中印联合声明，共21条涉及经济、政治、边界纠纷，并决定建立战略夥伴关系。事后回答印度亚洲新闻社的问题时，温家宝强调此次声明的关键意义有三：其一，联合声明中战略关系的定位将两国关系提升到一新高度；其二，双方签署了解决边界问题的政治指导原则的协定，这是双方自１９８１年恢复边界问题谈判以来所签署的第一份边界问题的政治指导文件，标志着中印边界谈判进入了一个新阶段；其三，双方协定全面经贸协定5年计划，在2008年将贸易额提高到200亿美元，2010达到300亿。

同为第三世界大国，中印在21世纪高速发展的同时也不得不经常面对一些尖锐矛盾的困扰。传统的领土纠纷、西藏问题、长期的对立而加深的相互猜忌和不信任。随着中国的崛起，印度近年的快速发展以及跨过核门栏成为核大国的事实都促使双方认真评估建立合乎国家利益的双边关系。尽快、务实地解决历史遗留问题，扩大合作的领域和方式已经成为双方的共识。中印的关系缓和，正常化也成为了必然。下面是中印联合声明的几个热点和简要分析。

锡金问题：“十三、双方满意地回顾了中华人民共和国的西藏自治区和印度共和国的锡金邦之间经过乃堆拉山口开展边境贸易的备忘录的执行情况。”

这是中方首次公开直接承认印度对锡金的主权。锡金古称哲孟雄，17世纪成立王国，49年被印度占领，75年经当地公民投票和印度议会通过决议并入印度，现任国王旺楚克流亡在美国。中国长期不承认印度主权，但2004年外交部网站将锡金从亚洲地区取消等於间接承认主权。联合声明表面中方已经完全改变立场。事前，据印度媒体报导也是印方极力想在声明中实现的一个目标。世界多数国家承认印度对锡金主权，中方长期不松口，并非有实质的利益，主要还是敲打印度的一个筹码。作为缓和中印关系举动，对印方来说，中方改变立场的心理意义大於实际意义，对中方来说则是口惠。

印方西藏立场：“十二、印方重申，承认西藏自治区是中华人民共和国领土的一部分，不允许西藏人在印度从事反对中国的政治活动。印方忆及印度是最早承认一个中国的国家之一，其一个中国政策没有改变。印度表示，将继续遵守一个中国的政策。中方对印方的立场表示赞赏。”

印度承认中国对西藏的主权，一个中国政策，限制西藏流亡人士的活动都是重申以前的立场，也是对中方在同一地区给予印方支持的回报，但对中方的意义显然要大于中方给予印度锡金主权的承认。

关于印度入常：“十六：联合国的改革应该是全方位和多层面的，应该注重增加发展中国家的代表性。印方重申其成为联合国安理会常任理事国的愿望。中方重申，印度是重要的发展中国家，在国际舞台上发挥着日益重要的影响。中方高度重视印度在国际事务中的地位，理解并支持印度在联合国和国际事务中发挥积极作用。双方重申，愿意在联合国改革进程中进行密切磋商与合作。”

中国希望发展中国家在联合国更多发挥作用，印度具有这样的实力。突显印度用意在於抗衡和否定日本在此问题上进行的努力。印度媒体报导，温家宝与印度国家安全顾问的会谈中支持印度成为安理会常任国，但联合声明没有明确。个人估计，一个原因可能是考虑到传统友好国家巴基斯坦的感情问题，众所周知巴基斯坦是坚决反对印度入常的，中方不想在此过於刺激对方。另一原因在于，印度入常对华利益有比较重大的影响，有利有弊，将来的形势发展，两国关系的状况都有待观察，中方不宜将话说满，应留有弹性。当然，此声明目前理解是正面的，同时显示中方支持联合国改革，避免被抹黑成阻碍的力量和形像。

关于边界纠纷：“十一：双方同意，在延续特别代表会晤的同时，联合工作小组继续工作以早日澄清和确认实际控制线同样重要。中印边境地区实控线的澄清已经取得了显著进展。双方同意，在已商定的参数基础上，尽早完成交换标明各自对整个实控线走向认识的地图的进程，以实现达到早日达成关于实控线走向共同谅解的目标。”

从声明看，现阶段的任务是实际控制线的勘明与确认，还没有涉及划界这一关键问题的具体原则和细节。另一个主要文件是4月11日达成的<<解决中印边界问题政治指导原则的协定>>。查遍国内网站和外交部网站，除了新闻报道，都无条文内容。搜寻印度外交部官方网站，确早已是公开文件(难道此文件这也是要对国内百姓保密？英文原文附后)。

政治指导原则共11条，要点为：双方不用武力或此为威胁，边界问题不扩大到双边其他领域；边界的划分需要考虑双方历史事实，国民感情，实际的困难，合理的利益，敏感性以及边界的现状；最终协议达成前，双方必须严格尊重实际控制线，共同维护边界的和平。

看来政治指导原则大致描述了宏观的一个划界原则，兼顾历史，现实和感情的因素。从操作上来讲，应该以现实为主，考虑历史因素，基本现状应该不会有大的改变，如果要考虑历史，感情的因素，我估计印度会给予中国在东线一定的补偿，有可能突破一定的实际控制线。

建国以来，外交上比较明显的失误就是没有搞好和周边国家的关系。创造一个稳定、和睦、繁荣的周边环境对於减少干扰、集中精力自强、发展、实现和平崛起的战略目标是非常必要和现实的要求。

附件：<<解决中印边界问题政治指导原则的协定>> 英文
　

Agreementbetween the Government of the Republic of India and the Government ofthe People's Republic of China on the Political Parameters and GuidingPrinciples for the Settlement of the India-China Boundary Question
　

TheGovernment of the Republic of India and the Government of the People'sRepublic of China (hereinafter referred to as the two sides),

Believing that it serves the fundamental interests of the peoples ofIndia and China to foster a long-term constructive and cooperativepartnership on the basis of the Five Principles of PeacefulCo-existence, mutual respect and sensitivity for each other’s concernsand aspirations, and equality,

Desirous of qualitatively upgrading the bilateral relationship at alllevels and in all areas while addressing differences through peacefulmeans in a fair, reasonable and mutually acceptable manner,

Reiterating their commitment to abide by and implement the Agreement onthe Maintenance of Peace and Tranquillity along the Line of ActualControl in the India-China Border Areas, signed on 7 September 1993,and the Agreement on Confidence Building Measures in the Military Fieldalong the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas,signed on 29 November 1996,

Reaffirming the Declaration on Principles for Relations andComprehensive Cooperation between India and China, signed on 23 June2003,

Recalling that the two sides have appointed Special Representatives toexplore the framework of settlement of the India-China boundaryquestion and the two Special Representatives have been engaged inconsultations in a friendly, cooperative and constructive atmosphere,

Noting that the two sides are seeking a political settlement of theboundary question in the context of their overall and long-terminterests,

Convincedthat an early settlement of the boundary question will advance thebasic interests of the two countries and should therefore be pursued asa strategic objective,

Have agreed on the following political parameters and guiding principles for a boundary settlement:

Article I

The differences on the boundary question should not be allowed toaffect the overall development of bilateral relations. The two sideswill resolve the boundary question through peaceful and friendlyconsultations. Neither side shall use or threaten to use force againstthe other by any means. The final solution of the boundary questionwill significantly promote good neighbourly and friendly relationsbetween India and China.

Article II

The two sides should, in accordance with theFive Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, seek a fair, reasonable andmutually acceptable solution to the boundary question throughconsultations on an equal footing, proceeding from the politicalperspective of overall bilateral relations.

Article III

Both sides should, in the spirit of mutual respect and mutualunderstanding, make meaningful and mutually acceptable adjustments totheir respective positions on the boundary question, so as to arrive ata package settlement to the boundary question. The boundary settlementmust be final, covering all sectors of the India-China boundary.

Article IV

The two sides will give due consideration to each other’s strategic andreasonable interests, and the principle of mutual and equal security.

Article V

Thetwo sides will take into account, inter alia, historical evidence,national sentiments, practical difficulties and reasonable concerns andsensitivities of both sides, and the actual state of border areas.

Article VI

The boundary should be along well-defined and easily identifiablenatural geographical features to be mutually agreed upon between thetwo sides.

Article VII

In reaching a boundary settlement, the two sides shall safeguard dueinterests of their settled populations in the border areas.

Article VIII

Within the agreed framework of the final boundary settlement, thedelineation of the boundary will be carried out utilising means such asmodern cartographic and surveying practices and joint surveys.

Article IX

Pending an ultimate settlement of the boundary question, the two sidesshould strictly respect and observe the line of actual control and worktogether to maintain peace and tranquillity in the border areas. TheIndia-China Joint Working Group and the India-China Diplomatic andMilitary Expert Group shall continue their work under the Agreements of7 September 1993 and 29 November 1996, including the clarification ofthe line of actual control and the implementation of confidencebuilding measures.

Article X

The Special Representatives on the boundary question shall continuetheir consultations in an earnest manner with the objective of arrivingat an agreed framework for a boundary settlement, which will providethe basis for the delineation and demarcation of the India-Chinaboundary to be subsequently undertaken by civil and military officialsand surveyors of the two sides.

Article XI

This Agreement shall come into force as of the date of signature and issubject to amendment and addition by mutual agreement in writingbetween the two sides.

Signed in duplicate in New Delhi on 11 April, 2005, in the Hindi,Chinese and English languages, all three texts being equally authentic.In case of divergence, the English text shall prevail.

For the Government of the Republic of India

For the Government of the People's Republic of ChinaNew Delhi
April 11, 2005